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An obligate parasite, or holoparasite, is a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host. If an obligate parasite cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce. This is opposed to a facultative parasite, which can act as a parasite but does not rely on its host to continue its life-cycle. Obligate parasites have evolved a variety of parasitic strategies to exploit their hosts. It is advantageous for the parasite to preserve the health of their host when this is compatible with their nutritional and reproductive requirements, except when the death of the host is necessary for transmission.〔Combes, C. (1997) Fitness of Parasites: Pathology and Selection ''International Journal for Parasitology'' 27 (1): 1-10.〕 ==Species== Obligate parasitism is exhibited in a range or organisms, with examples in viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.〔Balashov, Yu.S. (2011) Parasitism and Ecological Parasitology. ''Entomological Review'' 91 (9): 1216-1223.〕 They are unable to complete their development without passing through at least one parasitic stage which is necessary to their life-cycle. Whether one regards viruses as living organisms or not, they cannot reproduce except by means of resources within living cells, and accordingly, it is convenient and customary to regard them as obligate intracellular parasites. Among the Vespidae family, ''Vespula austriaca'' is an example of an obligate parasite; its common host is ''Vespula acadica''. In the genus ''Bombus'', ''B. bohemicus'' is an obligate parasite of ''B. locurum'', ''B. cryptarum'', and ''B. terrestris.''〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Obligate parasite」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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